Normal: for moving around a file and making edits

打开文件默认模式，<ESC> 回到 Normal
Insert: for inserting text

Normal 模式，输入 i
Replace: for replacing text

Normal 模式，输入 r
Visual (plain, line, or block): for selecting blocks of text
- Normal 模式，输入 v， V， ctrl + v
- 多行操作模式
Command-line: for running a command

输入 : 后即进入命令行模式

Basics

Command-line

:q quit (close window)
:w save (“write”)
:wq save and quit

也可以使用ZZ
:e {name of file} open file for editing
:ls show open buffers
:help {topic} open help
- :help :w opens help for the :w command
- :help w opens help for the w movement

Movement

Basic movement: hjkl (left, down, up, right)
Words: w (next word), b (beginning of word), e (end of word)
Lines: 0 (beginning of line), ^ (first non-blank character), $ (end of line)
Screen: H (top of screen), M (middle of screen), L (bottom of screen)
Scroll: Ctrl-u (up), Ctrl-d (down)
File: gg (beginning of file), G (end of file)
Line numbers: :{number}<CR> or {number}G (line {number})

跳到指定行，<CR> 表示回车
Misc: % (corresponding item)

跳到匹配的位置，如 [ 和 ]，( 和 )
Find: f{character}, t{character}, F{character}, T{character}
- find/to forward/backward {character} on the current line
- , / ; for navigating matches
Search: /{regex}, n / N for navigating matches

Selection

Visual modes:

Visual: v
Visual Line: V
Visual Block: Ctrl-v
- 搜索（/）需要操作的最后一行单词，即可选中多行
- 再使用 Shift + i 操作选中的首行开头，比如注释，后面选中的行在按 esc 后，即可批量应用
- 再使用 $ + Shift + a 操作选中的首行结尾，比如分号，后面选中的行在按 esc 后，即可批量应用
或者使用 :norm Iaaa 在选中的行首批量添加 aaa，反之 Aaaa 在行尾添加 aaa
- 选择: v + i + " 选择 " 中的内容，v + a + " 选择包含 " 及其内的内容，选择后使用 y 即可复制
在WSL中是默认是粘贴，需要按照参考2 进行修改，即修改 paste 默认的 ctrl + v 修改成 ctrl + shift + v

Edits

i enter Insert mode
- but for manipulating/deleting text, want to use something more than backspace
shift + i Insert at start of selection (also called capital i)
o / O insert line below / above
d{motion} delete {motion}
- e.g. dw is delete word, d$ is delete to end of line, d0 is delete to beginning of line
c{motion} change {motion}
- e.g. cw is change word
- like d{motion} followed by i
  
  即c{motion}删除后，进入insert模式
x delete character (equal do dl)
s substitute character (equal to cl)
Visual mode + manipulation
- select text, d to delete it or c to change it
u to undo, <C-r> to redo
y to copy / “yank” (some other commands like d also copy)
. to duplicate the previous operation
p to paste
Lots more to learn: e.g. ~ flips the case of a character

Counts

3w move 3 words forward
5j move 5 lines down
7dw delete 7 words

Modifiers

[count] [operation] [motion] the pattern of Vim normal mode operator commands
ci( change the contents inside the current pair of parentheses
ci[ change the contents inside the current pair of square brackets
da' delete a single-quoted string, including the surrounding single quotes
di" delete inside “ (quotes)
dt" delete till “ (quotes)
yi" yank inside “ (copy)

Customizing Vim

修改 ~/.vimrc

课程提供 vimrc

" Comments in Vimscript start with a `"`.

" If you open this file in Vim, it'll be syntax highlighted for you.

" Vim is based on Vi. Setting `nocompatible` switches from the default
" Vi-compatibility mode and enables useful Vim functionality. This
" configuration option turns out not to be necessary for the file named
" '~/.vimrc', because Vim automatically enters nocompatible mode if that file
" is present. But we're including it here just in case this config file is
" loaded some other way (e.g. saved as `foo`, and then Vim started with
" `vim -u foo`).
set nocompatible

" Turn on syntax highlighting.
syntax on

" Disable the default Vim startup message.
set shortmess+=I

" Show line numbers.
set number

" This enables relative line numbering mode. With both number and
" relativenumber enabled, the current line shows the true line number, while
" all other lines (above and below) are numbered relative to the current line.
" This is useful because you can tell, at a glance, what count is needed to
" jump up or down to a particular line, by {count}k to go up or {count}j to go
" down.
set relativenumber

" Always show the status line at the bottom, even if you only have one window open.
set laststatus=2

" The backspace key has slightly unintuitive behavior by default. For example,
" by default, you can't backspace before the insertion point set with 'i'.
" This configuration makes backspace behave more reasonably, in that you can
" backspace over anything.
set backspace=indent,eol,start

" By default, Vim doesn't let you hide a buffer (i.e. have a buffer that isn't
" shown in any window) that has unsaved changes. This is to prevent you from "
" forgetting about unsaved changes and then quitting e.g. via `:qa!`. We find
" hidden buffers helpful enough to disable this protection. See `:help hidden`
" for more information on this.
set hidden

" This setting makes search case-insensitive when all characters in the string
" being searched are lowercase. However, the search becomes case-sensitive if
" it contains any capital letters. This makes searching more convenient.
set ignorecase
set smartcase

" Enable searching as you type, rather than waiting till you press enter.
set incsearch

" Unbind some useless/annoying default key bindings.
nmap Q <Nop> " 'Q' in normal mode enters Ex mode. You almost never want this.

" Disable audible bell because it's annoying.
set noerrorbells visualbell t_vb=

" Enable mouse support. You should avoid relying on this too much, but it can
" sometimes be convenient.
set mouse+=a

" Try to prevent bad habits like using the arrow keys for movement. This is
" not the only possible bad habit. For example, holding down the h/j/k/l keys
" for movement, rather than using more efficient movement commands, is also a
" bad habit. The former is enforceable through a .vimrc, while we don't know
" how to prevent the latter.
" Do this in normal mode...
nnoremap <Left>  :echoe "Use h"<CR>
nnoremap <Right> :echoe "Use l"<CR>
nnoremap <Up>    :echoe "Use k"<CR>
nnoremap <Down>  :echoe "Use j"<CR>
" ...and in insert mode
inoremap <Left>  <ESC>:echoe "Use h"<CR>
inoremap <Right> <ESC>:echoe "Use l"<CR>
inoremap <Up>    <ESC>:echoe "Use k"<CR>
inoremap <Down>  <ESC>:echoe "Use j"<CR>

个人使用配置

" 在文件中加入以下几行代码
set autoindent
set cindent
set shiftwidth=4
set softtabstop=4
set tabstop=4
set nu
autocmd FileType yaml setlocal ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 expandtab

" 各参数含义
" set autoindent  //自动缩进
" set cindent  //C自动缩进
" set shiftwidth=4 //自动缩进空白字符个数
" set softtabstop=4 //tab键的一个制表符，如果softtabstop=5,tabstop=4,则tab是1个制表符加1个空格的混合
" set tabstop=4 //tab键的空格数
" set nu  //默认设置行号
" 检测为 yaml 文件时，调整 tab 缩进为 2

Advanced Vim

Search and replace

:s (substitute) command (documentation).

:%s/foo/bar/gci
- replace foo with bar globally in file
- 不带 % 只会修改当前行，带 % 会修改所有行
- 不带 g 只会修改每行第一个，带 g 会修改整个文件
- 不带 c 会直接修改，带 c 会依次询问每一个是否修改
- 不带 i 精准匹配（带 I 表示同样含义），带 i 忽略大小写
:%s/\[.*\]($.*$)/\1/g
- replace named Markdown links with plain URLs
:5,12s/foo/bar/g
- Change each ‘foo’ to ‘bar’ for all lines from line 5 to line 12 (inclusive).
\s 表示空格，\t 表示 tab，\+ 表示匹配多个前面的字符
:%s/pattern//gn
- 记录 pattern 出现次数
:%s/$/pattern/g
- 给文件的每一行，末尾加上 pattern，特殊字符如 / 需要转义成 \/
:%s/^/pattern/g
- 给文件的每一行，开头加上 pattern，特殊字符如 / 需要转义成 \/

Multiple windows

:sp / :vsp to split windows, :term: open a new terminal
- :sp 纵向（快捷键 ctrl + w + s），:vsp 横向（ctrl + w + v），多个窗口内容一致
- :q 退出其中一个窗口
- ctrl + w + 方向键 或者 ctrl + w + h/j/k/l 朝某个方向切换窗格
- ctrl + ww 按创建顺序切换到下一个窗格中
:term open a new terminal
- ctrl + w + N switch terminal to normal mode
- A switch back to regular terminal
- ctrl + w + "" paste default register
Can have multiple views of the same buffer.

Macros

宏录制，复制操作指令，可用于相同格式的统一替换
q{character} to start recording a macro in register {character}
q to stop recording
@{character} replays the macro
Macro execution stops on error
{number}@{character} executes a macro {number} times
Macros can be recursive
- first clear the macro with q{character}q
- record the macro, with @{character} to invoke the macro recursively (will be a no-op until recording is complete)
Example: convert xml to json (file)
- Array of objects with keys “name” / “email”
- Use a Python program?
- Use sed / regexes
  - g/people/d
  - %s/<person>/{/g
  - %s/<name>$.*$<\/name>/"name": "\1",/g
  - …
- Vim commands / macros
  - Gdd, ggdd delete first and last lines
  - Macro to format a single element (register e)
    - Go to line with <name>
    - qe^r"f>s": "<ESC>f<C"<ESC>q
  - Macro to format a person
    - Go to line with <person>
    - qpS{<ESC>j@eA,<ESC>j@ejS},<ESC>q
  - Macro to format a person and go to the next person
    - Go to line with <person>
    - qq@pjq
  - Execute macro until end of file
    - 999@q
  - Manually remove last , and add [ and ] delimiters

run shell command

:! {command}

如以下文件

// main.cpp
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    cout << "hello, world" << endl;
    return 0;
}

依次执行
- :!g++ %<CR>，如果要生成和文件同名的可执行文件，用 !g++ -o %< %
- :!./a.out<CR> 或者 :!./main<CR>

sudo in vim

:w !sudo tee %: 输入密码，即可修改，退出使用 :q!

read from command

such as :r !ls, read the current directory and write it to current file

calculate

ctrl + a increase the number
ctrl + v select the lines, and ctrl + a change multi lines number with same increase step, or use g + ctrl + a change multi lines number with sort step

vim使用说明

Basics

Command-line

Movement

Selection

Edits

Counts

Modifiers

Customizing Vim

Advanced Vim

Search and replace

Multiple windows

Macros

run shell command

sudo in vim

read from command

calculate

switch selection directions

set -o vi

参考

Modal editing

Basics

Command-line

Movement

Selection

Edits

Counts

Modifiers

Customizing Vim

Advanced Vim

Search and replace

Multiple windows

Macros

run shell command

sudo in vim

read from command

calculate

switch selection directions

set -o vi

参考